How Does the Magnification of Binoculars Affect How Far You Can See Science Project

Inquiry viii: How Does Information technology Piece of work? Binoculars, Periscopes, and Kaleidoscopes

Binoculars

Binoculars are really just 2 refracting telescopes joined together with a hinge. Soon after telescopes were invented, people started to spike ii of the long tubes together to make binoculars. These long binoculars, all the same, were heavy and hard to handle. Since it was difficult to keep these tubes parallel to one another, the image seen was often doubled.

Around 1900 a German physicist named Ernst Abbe made a pair of binoculars using prisms that reflected the incoming light twice. This meant that it was possible to brand a shorter instrument. Also, past using 2 prisms the image that formed appeared correct side up.

Binoculars are currently found in three designs: 6x30, 7x50, and 8x30. The start number refers to the magnification of the binoculars and the 2d number gives the diameter of the objective lens in millimeters. When using binoculars, you expect at an object and light reflects off the object and enters the front of the binoculars through the objective lens. This forms an prototype that is upside down and reversed. Prisms correct the image earlier we see it through the magnifying eyepiece lenses.

Life Science - Use binoculars to observe birds. Record some of the following features used for the identification of birds: the shape and color of the eyes, feet, color of the feather, shape of the head, shape of the tail feathers, and beak shape and color. Y'all may also desire to sketch what you observe. Then, using guidebooks for the identification of birds, endeavour to make up one's mind what kind of birds yous were watching.

Periscope

Periscopes are instruments that allow the viewing of objects that are not in the direct line of vision. They are ofttimes establish in submarines and may accept tubes up to x meters long. Tanks also incorporate periscopes that let people inside of a tank to view the surrounding area while remaining protected within of the vehicle. The evolution of cobweb optics led to the evolution of other types of periscopes that permit doctors to view inside the human body without having to perform major surgery. These types of periscopes are called endoscopes or cystoscopes and are very useful in the medical field.

Make a Periscope - Construct a periscope by using the directions that follow. This activity will let yous to experiment with mirrors and the correct placement of them in the scope.

Required Materials

• two empty quart-sized paper-thin milk or juice containers
• 2 small rectangular mirrors, mirror paper, or Mylar
• Tape
• Pair of scissors or a craft knife
• Science notebook

Activity Directions

1. Cut the tops off of two milk cartons.

2. Cutting a hole about v cm in diameter in i side of each carton near the lesser.

3. Tape a mirror, tilted at a 45-degree bending, in the bottom of each carton, with the shiny side facing the hole.

4. Tape the two cartons together so that the holes are on opposite sides of the periscope. In other words, where you look into the periscope is on the opposite side of the tube from the hole where light is coming in.

5. Answer the following questions in your scientific discipline notebook:

   What do you run into when you look into the periscope?

   How could you utilize your periscope?

   Have you always seen a periscope used? Or, have you seen another instrument that works like a periscope?

   How can you improve upon the design of your periscope?

Kaleidoscope

The kaleidoscope was invented by Sir David Brewster effectually 1816 and patented the following year. The device uses the epitome-forming properties of combined inclined mirrors. Depending on the number of mirrors and the angle betwixt them, the kaleidoscope volition produce multiple symmetrical patterns. Since its introduction, the kaleidoscope has been sold primarily as a toy, but has applied uses likewise.

A uncomplicated kaleidoscope is made of ii sparse, wedge-shaped mirror strips touching forth a common edge or a single sheet of vivid aluminum aptitude to an angle of 45 or 60 degrees. The mirrors are enclosed in a tube with a viewing eyehole at ane end. At the other finish is a thin, flat box that can be rotated. This flat box is fabricated from two glass disks, the outer one footing to deed as a diffusing screen. In this box are pieces of colored glass or beads. When the box is turned or tapped, the objects inside tumble into different groups and when the diffusing screen is illuminated by natural or artificial light, half-dozen or viii different symmetrical images appear. The number of combinations and patterns is without limit.

In that location are five different types of kaleidoscopes. The chamber kaleidoscope has an enclosed object case with complimentary-tumbling jewels, drinking glass, chaplet or other objects. The liquid chamberscope has an object case filled with liquid (unremarkably glycerin) in which the jewels, drinking glass beads, or other objects bladder. The wheel scope has one or more wheels at its objective terminate that may contain glass, translucent rocks similar agates, pressed flowers, beads, jewels, or other objects. The refillable scope features a removable object chamber. The contents of this sleeping room can be inverse and users can experiment with their own assortment of colors and objects. The teleidoscope uses mirrors and lenses alone so that anything that is viewed, is multiplied.

Make a Pringles Can Kaleidoscope - Design your own kaleidoscope out of a Pringles tin can with the following directions.

Required Materials

• Pringles tin can
• Blast and hammer
• Scissors and compass
• Transparency film
• Black construction paper
• File folder
• Gum
• Pen and ruler

Activity Directions

1. Make a pigsty in the eye of the metal lesser of the Pringles tin with the hammer and nail. With the point of the scissors or other object, expand the hole to a 1.v cm diameter. This will be the eyehole of the kaleidoscope and then it is of import that there are no precipitous edges.

2. Cutting out a four cm foursquare of transparency movie. Gum the transparency foursquare over the eyehole of the kaleidoscope.

3. Cut from the file folder three 7.5 cm ten 19.5 cm strips. Do the aforementioned with the black construction paper and the transparency motion-picture show.

4. Glue the strips together in the post-obit order: file folder, blackness construction paper, and then transparency pic. You lot should now take 3 sets of layered strips. The transparency on superlative of the black newspaper should provide a mirror-similar surface.

5. Place each ready of strips into the open up end of the tin, border to edge, with the mirror surfaces facing the center of the can. Looking into the can, the top edges of the strips should class an equilateral triangle.

6. Cut 2 strips from the file folder (23 cm x ane.v cm). Fold ane strip in one-half the long way. Glue the folded strip along the long border of the unfolded strip.

7. Glue the combined strips effectually and along the within border of the open cease of the can above the mirrors. The folded strip should be closest to the mirrors. Let the gum dry.

8. Cut a circle of transparency pic with a diameter of 7.five cm (the same diameter equally the opening of the can).

9. Place the transparency circle inside the open end of the tin with its edge against ledge created by the folded strip. Gum the circumvolve in place with safe cement.

10. Identify diverse objects (chaplet, shells, gemstones, etc.) on top of the transparency circle. Place lid of can back on.

11. Your kaleidoscope is done! Look through the eyehole while turning the tin and meet the kaleidoscopic show.

Brand a Paper Towel Roll Kaleidoscope - Design your own kaleidoscope out of a paper towel scroll with the following directions.

Required Materials

• Paper towel scroll
• Pair of scissors and compass
• Masking record and glue
• Pen and ruler
• Black structure paper
• Transparency film
• File binder

Action Directions

1. Trace the top of the paper towel roll on the folder. Using a compass, draw a circle 1.5 cm larger around the circumvolve you lot traced. Cut out the larger circle.

2. Make a hole almost i.5 cm in diameter in the middle of the circle. This will be the eyehole for the kaleidoscope.

3. Make small cuts around the outer edge of circumvolve from the border to the traced line. The cuts should be fabricated nigh every 1.5 cm around the circle. The cuts volition form little tabs effectually the edge of the circle.

4. Cut out a piece of transparency moving picture large enough to encompass the eyehole. Glue it over the eyehole.

5. Identify the circle on the one end of the roll with the transparency piece facing inside the roll. Fold down the tabs all around the exterior of the roll. Secure it to the roll with masking tape.

6. Cut from the file folder three 6.5 cm x 27 cm strips. Do the same with the black construction paper and the transparency pic.

7. Glue the strips together in the following order: file folder, black construction paper, and so transparency. You should at present have iii sets of layered strips. The transparency film on top of the black paper will provide a mirror-like surface.

8. Place the strips side-by-side, mirrored surface down, on acme of your work surface. Put masking tape across the strips at the top and bottom.

9. Fold the connected strips to class a 3-sided column 27 cm long with the mirrored surface facing within. Tape around the column to concur it together. Looking into the column, the top edges of the strips should grade an equilateral triangle. Identify the column into the open up end of the tube.

10. Cutting out two circles from the transparency film using the directions in steps 1 and iv. You should now have two circles of transparency pic with 1.5 cm tabs around information technology.

11. Fold back the tabs of one of the transparency circles so place information technology into the open end of the tube and so the circle is touching the mirrored column and the tabs are facing out. Secure the circumvolve to the tube with tape.

12. Place your choice of colorful objects (chaplet, gems, rocks, etc.) into the open end of the tube.

13. At present place the other transparency circle over the open up finish of the tube. Fold down the tabs all around the outside of the roll. Secure it to the curlicue with masking tape.

14. Your kaleidoscope is done! Look through the eyehole while turning the tube and see the kaleidoscopic prove.

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